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sex and relationship, Sex Health

Menopause

Menopause is a process of permanent cessation of menstruation at an end of reproductive life that is cause by loss of ovarian follicular activity. It is when the last and final menstruation occurs. Clinical diagnosis can be confirmed after following stoppage of menstruation (amenorrhea) for 12 consecutive months with no other pathology. This is the time a woman is declared to reach menopause only retrospectively. Premenopause refers to the period prior to menopause, postmenopause to the period after menopause and perimenopause to the period around menopause (40–55 years).

Climacteric is the period of time during which a woman passes from the reproductive to the nonreproductive stage. This phase covers 5–10 years on either side of menopause.

Perimenopause is the part of the climacteric when the menstrual cycle is likely to be irregular.

Postmenopause is the phase of life that comes after the menopause.

Age at which menopause occurs is genetically predetermined. The age of menopause is not related to age of menarche or age at last pregnancy. It is also not related to number of pregnancy, lactation, use of oral pill, socioeconomic condition, race, height or weight. Thinner women have early menopause. However, cigarette smoking and severe malnutrition may cause early menopause. Age of menopause ranges around 45–55 years, average about fifty years.

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Few years prior to menopause, along with depletion of the ovarian follicles, the follicles become resistant to pituitary gonadotropins. As a result, effective folliculogenesis is impaired with diminished estradiol production. There will be a significant reduce with the level of serum estradiol from 50–300 pg/mL before menopause to 10–20 pg/mL after menopause. This decreases the negative feedback effect on hypothalamopituitary axis resulting in increase in FSH. The increase in FSH is also due to diminished inhibin. Inhibin, a peptide, is secreted by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle. The increase of LH occurs subsequently.

Disturbed folliculogenesis during this period may result in anovulation, oligo-ovulation, premature corpus luteum or corpus luteal insufficiency. The sustained level of estrogens may even cause endometrial hyperplasia and clinical manifestation of menstrual abnormalities prior to menopause. The mean cycle length is significantly shorter. This is due to shortening of the follicular phase of the cycle.

Luteal phase length remaining constant. Ultimately, no more follicles are available and even some exist, they are resistant to gonadotropins Estradiol production drops down to the optimal level of 20 pg/mL → no endometrial growth → absence of menstruation.

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Following menopause, the predominant estrogen is estrone and to a lesser extent estradiol. Serum level of estrone (30–70 pg/mL) is higher than that of estradiol (10–20 pg/mL). The major source of estrone is peripheral conversion (aromatization) of androgens from adrenals (mainly) and ovaries. The aromatization occurs at the level of muscle and adipose tissue. The trace amount of estradiol is derived from peripheral conversion of estrone and androgens. Compared to estradiol, estrone is biologically less (about one-tenth) potent.

When the sources fail to provide the precursors of estrogen for around 5–10 years after menopause, there will be a significant reduce in estrogen and trophic hormones. Then it can be confirmed that the woman is in a state of true menopause.

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Study Links Thyroid Problems with Erectile Dysfunction

The potential reasons for erectile dysfunction are numerous and differ broadly from coronary illness to other issue, yet specialists are finding that one common reason is regularly ignored.

A study published in the “Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” suggests a link between erectile dysfunction and thyroid problems – if you are suffering from impotence, the reason may be an undiagnosed thyroid problem. And, if you suffer from hypothyroidism (thyroid hormone production deficiency) or hyperthyroidism (thyroid operating surplus); you have higher risk of developing erectile dysfunction.

There is by all accounts solid association between different thyroid issue and erectile problem. Since thyroid ailment can influence upwards of one in ten men beyond 60 years old, this may imply that a considerable lot of those erectile dysfunction medication and its connected issues may have a sensibly basic sickness to treat.

The thyroid is a little organ situated close to the base of the neck. Keeping in mind it is minor; it discharges different hormones that have some degree of control over numerous organs of the body.

The good news is that with the treatment of gland problems, erectile dysfunction can be reversed. However, if symptoms persist after six months of treatment in thyroid problem, specific treatments for impotent should be realized.

Evaluating 27 men with hyperthyroidism, 44 with hypothyroidism, and 71 healthy men, the researchers found that 79% of men with thyroid dysfunction had some degree of erectile dysfunction – 85% of those with hypothyroidism and 71% of those with hyperthyroidism – compared to only 25% people without these conditions.

In addition, experts observe severe erectile dysfunction in 38% of those with insufficient functioning of the thyroid, and 29.6% of those with excessive operating gland.

With treatment to restore normal gland activity, only 30% of patients continued with erectile dysfunction, very close to the observed rate among those who had no thyroid problems.

In another recent study, analysts from the University of Modena, Italy, took a peek at right around 50 grown-up men who had hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Every man was given a poll to reply about their sexual capacity and were then acquired some information about erectile dysfunction and related issues by a specialist.

Eventually, it was resolved that more than 63 percent of the men with hypothyroidism were determined to have low sexual desire, untimely discharge and postponed discharge. Among the men with hyperthyroidism, 50 percent were determined to have premature ejaculation, 17 percent with low sexual libido and 15 percent with erectile problem.

The majority of the men in the study were then treated for their thyroid disorder. Among the men with hypothyroidism, the frequency of untimely discharge or premature ejaculation dropped from 50 percent to 15 percent. Also, the low sexual craving and impotency vanished in the vast majority of the men.

The relationship between the thyroid and erectile disorder is not yet clear, but rather since thyroid sicknesses and erectile dysfunction are considerably more regular among men more than 60, these discoveries propose that maturing may not assume as large a part as already accepted.